Turkmenistan offers a fascinating journey through vast deserts, ancient Silk Road cities, and architectural marvels that leave a lasting impression. Known for its striking landscapes and the mysterious Darvaza Gas Crater, this Central Asian gem remains one of the world’s least-explored destinations. Travelers can witness the grandeur of Ashgabat’s marble-clad cityscape, stroll through the ruins of Merv, and experience authentic nomadic culture. Turkmenistan’s blend of history, natural wonders, and unique traditions makes it a compelling choice for those seeking off-the-beaten-path adventures. This guide highlights the best things to do in Turkmenistan this year, offering unforgettable experiences rich in heritage and discovery.
Witness the Darvaza Gas Crater (“Door to Hell”)
Intense flames rising from the Darvaza Gas Crater, famously dubbed the “Door to Hell,” offer a surreal spectacle in Turkmenistan’s vast Karakum Desert. This fiery pit, burning since 1971 due to a Soviet drilling mishap, draws travelers fascinated by its unearthly glow. Measuring 230 feet across and 65 feet deep, the crater’s hypnotic flames are most mesmerizing at night when the darkness amplifies the blaze. The surrounding desert enhances the eerie experience, creating a truly unique natural phenomenon. Adventurers often camp nearby to witness the crater’s captivating beauty under a starlit sky. Despite its remote location, Darvaza is accessible from Ashgabat, making it a must-see highlight. The raw power of the burning methane and the stark desert backdrop deliver unforgettable memories. Travelers seeking one of Central Asia’s most extraordinary sights will find the Darvaza Gas Crater an essential addition to their Turkmenistan itinerary.
Explore the Ancient City of Merv
Vast ruins scattered across the desert mark the ancient city of Merv, a UNESCO World Heritage site known as one of Central Asia’s oldest and most important oasis cities. Once a Silk Road powerhouse, Merv flourished under multiple empires, including the Achaemenids, Parthians, and Seljuks. Its historical significance is evident in the decaying fortresses, ancient mausoleums, and grand city walls still visible today. Wander through the ruins of the Great Kyz Kala and admire the architectural remains reflecting the city’s prosperous past. Historians suggest Merv was once the world’s largest city, making it a treasure trove for cultural enthusiasts. The site offers insight into centuries of trade, conquest, and civilization. Located near modern-day Mary, Merv’s atmospheric ruins transport visitors back in time, showcasing Turkmenistan’s rich heritage. Exploring this archaeological wonder provides a glimpse into the region’s golden era, offering history lovers an unforgettable journey through time.
Visit the Marble City of Ashgabat
Towering white marble buildings define Ashgabat, Turkmenistan’s glimmering capital city, recognized in the Guinness World Records for its extensive use of marble. This futuristic cityscape, nestled between the Karakum Desert and the Kopet Dag Mountains, blends grand monuments, golden domes, and wide boulevards. Highlights include the Independence Monument, Neutrality Arch, and the ornate Presidential Palace, all showcasing Turkmenistan’s national pride. Ashgabat’s skyline dazzles both day and night, reflecting the country’s ambitious architectural vision. Visitors can explore well-maintained parks, expansive squares, and lavish government buildings that exemplify the city’s unique charm. Beneath its polished surface lies a complex history shaped by Soviet influence and modern transformation. Ashgabat also offers rich cultural experiences through museums and theaters, making it more than just a visual marvel. For travelers seeking a glimpse into Turkmenistan’s modern identity, this marble-clad metropolis stands as a captivating destination brimming with cultural and architectural wonders.
Discover the Ruins of Nisa
Crumbling mudbrick walls and ancient fortifications reveal the grandeur of the Parthian Empire at the ruins of Nisa, a UNESCO World Heritage site located just outside Ashgabat. As one of the empire’s most important cities, Nisa served as a royal residence and major trading hub in the 1st millennium BC. Archaeologists have uncovered significant structures, including the remains of grand palaces, temples, and a treasury filled with ancient artifacts. The site’s strategic location offers panoramic views of the surrounding mountains and desert plains. Visitors exploring Nisa gain insight into early urban development and architectural prowess that influenced Central Asian history. Rich cultural layers highlight the region’s role as a crossroads of civilizations along the Silk Road. Today, walking through these ancient ruins evokes a deep sense of history and wonder. Nisa remains an essential stop for anyone passionate about archaeology, heritage, and the enduring legacy of the Parthian Empire.
Swim in Köw Ata Underground Lake
Descending into Köw Ata Underground Lake reveals a hidden thermal oasis beneath the barren Karakum Desert. Located inside the Bakharden Cave, this natural sulfur-rich lake offers a unique swimming experience with warm mineral waters maintaining temperatures around 35°C year-round. Locals believe the therapeutic waters aid in treating various ailments, adding a healthful allure to the visit. The cave itself stretches deep underground, with dramatic stalactites and a mystical atmosphere illuminated by artificial lighting. Reaching the lake involves navigating a steep staircase, but the rewarding dip in the serene waters makes the effort worthwhile. Surrounded by limestone walls and the earthy scent of minerals, visitors enjoy a relaxing and unusual adventure. Köw Ata remains a favorite spot for both locals and tourists seeking natural wellness and offbeat exploration. This underground marvel highlights Turkmenistan’s geological diversity, making it a memorable stop on any journey through the country.
Trek Through Yangykala Canyon
owering cliffs painted in hues of red, orange, and pink dominate the breathtaking landscape of Yangykala Canyon. Often referred to as the “Grand Canyon of Turkmenistan,” this remote geological wonder offers panoramic views of vividly colored limestone formations carved by millennia of erosion. Stretching across the western part of the country, the canyon is accessible via rugged desert tracks, rewarding adventurous travelers with mesmerizing scenery. The name Yangykala means “fire fortress,” reflecting the vibrant, fiery tones that illuminate the cliffs during sunrise and sunset. Exploring the vast canyon by foot or 4×4 vehicle offers countless opportunities for photography and nature appreciation. Despite its raw beauty, the area remains largely untouched, providing a rare sense of solitude in the heart of the desert. For nature enthusiasts and geology lovers, Yangykala Canyon stands out as one of Turkmenistan’s most stunning natural attractions, offering unforgettable memories amid its colorful rock formations.
Attend the Turkmen Horse Festival
Vibrant cultural traditions take center stage at the Turkmen Horse Festival, where the majestic Akhal-Teke breed steals the show. Celebrated annually, this event showcases Turkmenistan’s national pride and deep-rooted equestrian heritage. The Akhal-Teke, known for its metallic sheen and endurance, has been revered for centuries and is often called the “golden horse.” Festival-goers witness skillful equestrian performances, traditional music, and colorful folk dances that reflect Turkmenistan’s rich nomadic past. The festival also features horse races, elaborate parades, and displays of traditional Turkmen attire, offering a lively and immersive experience. Spectators marvel at the unique bond between riders and their prized horses, demonstrating impressive training and athleticism. Beyond the festivities, the event underscores the significance of horses in Turkmen culture and identity. Attending the Turkmen Horse Festival provides visitors with an authentic glimpse into the country’s heritage, making it a must-see celebration for anyone exploring Turkmenistan’s vibrant traditions.
Explore the Kow Ata Cave
Descending deep into the earth, Kow Ata Cave offers an extraordinary subterranean adventure beneath Turkmenistan’s desert landscape. This cavern, home to the Köw Ata Underground Lake, surprises visitors with its warm, mineral-rich waters nestled 60 meters below ground level. The descent involves navigating narrow stairs carved into the limestone, leading to a vast chamber filled with the distinctive smell of sulfur. Stalactites hang overhead, creating a mystical atmosphere enhanced by soft lighting. The lake’s therapeutic properties attract both locals and travelers seeking a relaxing swim in consistently warm water. The cavern’s temperature remains stable year-round, providing a unique escape from the desert heat above. Kow Ata Cave seamlessly combines natural beauty with wellness, making it a memorable destination. Ideal for adventure seekers and nature enthusiasts alike, the cave encapsulates Turkmenistan’s hidden wonders. Exploring this remarkable underground site adds depth and excitement to any journey through the country.
Visit the Carpet Museum in Ashgabat
Rich cultural heritage comes to life at the Carpet Museum in Ashgabat, home to the world’s largest collection of Turkmen carpets. This museum showcases intricate handwoven masterpieces reflecting centuries of tradition, artistry, and tribal identity. Visitors admire the vivid colors, geometric patterns, and unique motifs representing the diverse regions and clans of Turkmenistan. Among the highlights is the world’s largest handmade carpet, a Guinness World Record holder, proudly displayed within the museum’s modern halls. Exhibits delve into the history, symbolism, and craftsmanship behind each carpet, offering fascinating insights into Turkmen culture. Guided tours enhance the experience, explaining the techniques passed down through generations. For travelers seeking authentic cultural experiences, the museum serves as an educational and visual delight. Beyond its artistic appeal, the Carpet Museum preserves an essential aspect of Turkmenistan’s national identity, making it a must-visit destination in Ashgabat for anyone intrigued by textiles and traditional craftsmanship.
Experience the Bustling Tolkuchka Bazaar
Bustling alleyways filled with vibrant colors and lively haggling characterize Tolkuchka Bazaar, one of Turkmenistan’s largest and most dynamic markets. Located on the outskirts of Ashgabat, this sprawling open-air bazaar offers an authentic glimpse into local life and commerce. Vendors sell everything from traditional Turkmen carpets, handwoven textiles, and ornate jewelry to livestock, spices, and fresh produce. Shoppers navigate a maze of stalls where bargaining is expected, creating a lively atmosphere brimming with energy. The market is also a great place to sample local delicacies, including dried fruits, nuts, and traditional bread. Visiting Tolkuchka Bazaar not only provides shopping opportunities but also a chance to observe Turkmen traditions and social interactions. The market’s cultural significance lies in its role as a community gathering place where stories, goods, and customs are exchanged. For travelers seeking an immersive local experience, Tolkuchka Bazaar remains a must-visit destination in Ashgabat.
Tour the Ruins of Kunya-Urgench
Scattered remnants of Kunya-Urgench transport visitors to one of Turkmenistan’s most historic sites, reflecting the grandeur of a once-thriving Silk Road city. As a UNESCO World Heritage site, Kunya-Urgench boasts impressive mausoleums, ancient minarets, and centuries-old ruins that speak to its importance as a cultural and commercial hub. Highlights include the towering Kutlug Timur Minaret, one of Central Asia’s tallest, and the exquisite turquoise-tiled mausoleums of Turabek Khanum and Najm ad-Din al-Kubra. The site’s rich architectural diversity blends Islamic influences with local craftsmanship, offering fascinating insights into medieval Central Asian life. Despite surviving invasions and natural disasters, Kunya-Urgench stands resilient, showcasing the region’s enduring heritage. Walking among the ruins evokes a deep sense of history and wonder, making it a powerful experience for history enthusiasts. Located in northern Turkmenistan, this ancient city remains a vital stop for anyone exploring the country’s cultural and archaeological treasures.
Camp Under the Stars in the Karakum Desert
Stargazing in the Karakum Desert becomes a magical experience when camping under its vast, clear skies. The desert’s remote expanse provides an ideal setting for solitude and adventure, far from urban light pollution. As night falls, the sky transforms into a celestial canvas, with millions of stars illuminating the golden dunes. Campers often gather around traditional bonfires, enjoying local cuisine while listening to tales of Turkmenistan’s nomadic past. The silence of the desert enhances the peaceful atmosphere, creating a rare opportunity to connect deeply with nature. By day, travelers explore the ever-changing sandscapes, while nighttime reveals the breathtaking beauty of the desert sky. This immersive experience offers a unique blend of adventure, culture, and tranquility. Whether guided or independent, camping in the Karakum Desert remains an unforgettable highlight of any journey through Turkmenistan, providing a rare glimpse into the timeless charm of Central Asia’s desert wilderness.
Visit the Saparmurat Hajji Mosque in Gypjak
Golden domes and pristine white marble mark the Saparmurat Hajji Mosque in Gypjak, one of Turkmenistan’s largest and most significant religious landmarks. Also known as the Turkmenbashi Ruhy Mosque, this grand structure was commissioned by the country’s first president, Saparmurat Niyazov, and completed in 2004. Capable of accommodating over 10,000 worshippers, the mosque features intricate Islamic calligraphy, including inscriptions from both the Quran and Niyazov’s own book, the Ruhnama. Its architecture combines traditional Islamic design with modern grandeur, creating an awe-inspiring sight visible from afar. Surrounding the mosque is a vast courtyard and a mausoleum where Niyazov and his family are buried, adding historical significance to the site. Visitors admire the detailed mosaics, towering minarets, and serene atmosphere reflecting Turkmenistan’s spiritual identity. Located near Ashgabat, the mosque remains a vital destination for those seeking cultural insight and architectural beauty while exploring the country’s religious heritage.
Explore the Dinosaur Plateau in Koytendag
Strange prehistoric footprints embedded in stone lure travelers to Dinosaur Plateau in Koytendag, an intriguing geological site that captures the imagination. This natural wonder, located in southeastern Turkmenistan, features hundreds of well-preserved dinosaur tracks believed to be over 150 million years old. The site sprawls across a vast limestone slab nestled within the Koytendag Mountains, providing a surreal journey back to the Jurassic era. Local legends add mystique, with some believing the tracks were left by giants or mythical creatures. Visitors trek through rugged terrain to reach the plateau, where expert guides explain the scientific and historical significance of the ancient imprints. The remote location and untouched beauty of the surrounding landscape enhance the experience, offering sweeping mountain views and a rare glimpse into Earth’s prehistoric past. For paleontology enthusiasts and adventure seekers alike, Dinosaur Plateau stands as one of Turkmenistan’s most fascinating and unique attractions.
Attend a Traditional Turkmen Wedding Ceremony
Vibrant colors, elaborate traditions, and joyful celebrations define a traditional Turkmen wedding ceremony, offering visitors a rare opportunity to witness the country’s rich cultural heritage. These grand events often span several days, featuring rituals deeply rooted in centuries-old customs. Guests are treated to spectacular displays of traditional attire, music, and dance, with women wearing intricately embroidered dresses adorned with silver jewelry. The Akhal-Teke horses often play a symbolic role, parading in honor of the couple. Dishes of plov, manti, and local sweets are generously served as guests toast the newlyweds in festive gatherings. Music fills the air as performers sing folk songs while guests dance to rhythmic beats. The ceremony also includes ceremonial blessings, showcasing the importance of family, community, and ancestry in Turkmen life. Experiencing a Turkmen wedding offers unparalleled insight into the nation’s social fabric, leaving visitors with cherished memories of this colorful and heartwarming celebration.